12. Introduction of scientific texts in English
Introduction is an important part of a scientific paper contains preliminary Diama about things in general as the foundation and direction of the preparation work, and deliver the contents of the manuscript. Parts of introduction, among others:
1. Background describe the issue and the reasons that will be discussed in the scientific papers.
2. Problem Formulation beisipermasalah-permasahan found corresponding author of the research object, usually expressed with Tanya sentence.
3. Research Objectives related to the formulation of the problem and the title made which included an outline of the discussion with clear objectives.
4. Research Methodology contains a description of the method or technique that will be used to search for the author and analyzing research data.
5. Systematics Writing about the sort order of presentation contains content of an outline of all the chapters in scientific papers.
13. The pattern of the core section of text in English
Part of the discussion is the most important part and a part that is always observed by the assessor. Of this section may be known idea of the author in solving problems raised in the background of the problem. Part of the discussion is the result of the analysis of data that have been obtained and discussed in detail and systematically. Fill discussion should not be distorted and should dilandari theories already quoted pliers. The more and coherent discussion, the assessor was immediately impressed that this works well and can be accepted.
14. Cover or conclusions English text
Part pentupdarisebuah scientific papers consist of conclusions and suggestions.
1. The conclusion must answer the problem formulation and the purpose of writing. This section describes the conclusions that have been siperoleh of the results of research conducted and a complete overview and analysis of the relevance of the proposed hypothesis.
2. Suggestions author provides advice to the parties related to the theme of the research and conclusions expressed replied.
Speed reading techniques skimming and skanning
Cepatskimming reading and scanning techniques - Apparently in reading also has its own technique. If previously read that we know just regular reading so this time merahitam will share some tips about speed reading techniques yaituskimming and scanning.
A. Reading Scanning
1. Definition
Quick reading (scanning) or also called reading scan is read very quickly. When one reads the scan, he will surpass many words. According Mikulecky & Jeffries (in Farida Rahim, 2005), read the scan is important to improve reading skills. Reading technique is useful to search for some information as soon as possible. Usually we read word for word from each sentence read. By practicing the technique of reading scan, a person can learn to read to understand the reading text with a faster way.
Scanning is done by:
(1) Move the eye like an arrow straight slide down find the information that has been set,
(2) Having found the pace slowed to find a complete description of the information sought, and
(3) Readers are required to have a good understanding with regard to the characteristics of the read (eg, dictionary alphabetically and there are keywords in the top right of each page, encyclopedia alphabetically by reversal for a term which consists of two words, and so on).
B. Reading Skimming
1. Definition
-Layap reading (skimming) is read quickly to determine the general content or part of a reading. (Farida Rahim, 2005). Read layap needed to determine the author's perspective on something, find patterns paragraph organization, and quickly find the general idea (Mikulecky & Jeffries in Farida Rahim, 2005).
Another understanding of reading or skimming is skimming a quick read to get some information on what we read. Skimming is done to make a quick reading in general in the literature. In skimming, reading process is done by looking at the bounding main ideas in the main reading material while understanding the theme of magnitude.
. Steps Skimming
1. Read the title, sub-headings and subheadings to find out what the text discussed.
2. Consider the illustrations (drawings or photographs) so you get more information about the topic.
3. Read the beginning and end of the sentence of each paragraph
4. Do not read it word for word. Let your eyes do the outer skin skimming a text. Look for keywords or keyword it
5. Continue to think about the meaning of the text
15. Summary of English text in Indonesian
. SUMMARY ENGLISH TEXT IN INDONESIAN
Summary
Proses membuat ringkasan adalah proses menulis ( writing ); artinya dengan menulis ringkasan kita telah mengintegrasikan kegiatan membaca dengan menulis. Menulis ringkasan dari apa yang telah di baca merupakan cara lain untuk membantu kita mengingat apa yang telah kita baca. Ringkasan ( summary ) berisikan poin-poin penting atau menarik dari apa yang di baca dan sekaligus membuktikan bahwa kita paham dengan apa yang telah kita baca. Panjang atau pendeknya ringkasan tersebut sangat tergantung pada jumlah poin-poin yang kita anggap penting atau menarik dari bacaan tersebut. Semakin banyak poin-poin penting atau menarik tersebut tentu semakin panjang pula ringkasan yang kita buat.
Ringkasan isi bacaan juga dapat membantu kita untuk mengingat beberapa poin penting tentang bacaan yang telah di baca. Di samping itu, ringkasan isi bacaan juga dapat digunakan sebagai referensi untuk menulis esai atau sebagai bahan rujukan untuk menulis skripsi, tesis atau disertai.
Make a Summary
Ada beberapa pegangan yang dipergunakan untuk membuat ringkasan yang baik dan teratur, yaitu sebagai berikut:
1. Membaca Naskah Asli ( Read the Original Manuscript )
The first step in the making of the summary is to read the original script one or two times to know the author's general impression and purpose and point of view.
2. Mencatat Gagasan Utama ( Writing Main Idea )
After the author captures the intent, the general impression, and the original author's perspective, then the next step is to record all the main idea or ideas are important.
3. Mengadakan Reproduksi ( Reproduction hold )
By using records obtained in the second step and the general impression obtained in the first step, the authors are ready to make a summary. Which must be considered by the authors was that he had to compose new sentences, stringing all the ideas into a discourse that is clear and can be accepted by common sense.
4. Ketentuan Tambahan ( Additional Provision)
Besides the three steps above, there are several conditions that need to be considered in the preparation of the summary, namely:
We recommend using complex sentences.
If possible, summarize the sentences into phrases, and phrases into words.
The number of paragraphs depends on the size of the summary and the number of the key topics included in the summary.
If possible, all adverbs or adjectives discarded.
Maintain arrangement of the original idea, and summarize the idea that in order as the order of the original manuscript.
To distinguish summary of ordinary letters and a speech or lecture using First Person viewpoint Single or Multiple, then a summary of the speech was to be written with the viewpoint of the Third Person.
Example make a summary
Mouse Deer and Crocodile
One day, Mouse Deer went down to the river to take a drink. But he knew that the crocodile Might be waiting underwater to eat him, so he said out loud. "I wonder if the water's warm. I'll put in my leg and find out. "Of course Mouse Deer did not put in his leg. He picked up a stick instead and put one end into the water. Chomp ...! Crocodile grabbed the stick and pulled it underwater. Mouse Deer laughed. "Ha ... ha ... ha ... Stupid crocodile! Cant you tell the difference between a stick and a leg? "Then Mouse Deer ran off to drink somewhere else.
In the next day, Mouse Deer wanted to cross the river. He wanted to eat the fruits on the other side of the river. He PBUH a log floating in the river. He knew that Crocodile looked like a log when he floated. Mouse Deer did not want to be eaten by Crocodile when he crosses the river. He had an idea. He called out loud, "Crocodile!" Crocodile rose from the water, "Hello, Mouse Deer. Have you come to be my lunch? "Mouse Deer smiled. "Sorry, not today, Crocodile. I have orders from the King. He wants to invite all the crocodiles in this river to a party. He wants me to count all the crocodiles so he could prepare enough meal for you. "
"Really ...? Tell us what to do, "said the Crocodile. "You must line up from this side of the river to the other side," said the Mouse Deer. Crocodile then got all his friends and family. They lined up across the river. Mouse Deer then jumped onto the Crocodile's back. "One," he counted. He jumped onto the next crocodile, "Two." And the next crocodile, "Three." Mouse Deer kept jumping until he arrived on the other side of the river. "How many are there?" Asked Crocodile. "Just enough," said the Mouse Deer. He laughed as he ran to the forest. *
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